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Considerations for carry-over in LC-MS analysis of biological samples (7MB)

Carry-over is a phenomenon that is of great concern for many researchers in various fields of analyses. Over the years, many studies have been performed to identify and eliminate carry-over issues in analytical assays. However, the continuously changing regulation requirements and the development of more sensitive detection systems, result in the fact that a single solution to solve carry-over will remain a utopia.
In this paper we like to share knowledge about the struggle to fight carry-over in bioanalysis. As not all analytical approaches used for bioanalysis suffer from carry-over (e.g. the immunoassays), the scope of this paper is restricted to non-disposable hyphenated bioanalytical (SPE)-LC-MS systems. Some theoretical as well as practical aspects, regulatory guidelines and definitions will be discussed in order to be able to solve future carry-over problems more quickly.